Here is Facebook's David Marcus, who has been involved in rolling out Facebook's much-touted Libra/Novi/Diem payments system:
I often make the parallel between money and communication networks. Unfortunately money still moves at the pace of the early 70s (ACH), and for the most part at the same price. Unacceptable. https://t.co/beNCtCD3To
— David Marcus (@davidmarcus) July 9, 2021
By ACH, Marcus is referring to automated clearinghouse payments. If you want to pay your phone bill, the payment gets sent to a clearing house, which batches your payment together with many other payments and then settles it the next day. These systems were built in the 60s and 70s.
I don't want to pick on Marcus, since he isn't the only one with this view. But modern money no longer moves at the pace of early 70s ACH. His critique would have made sense maybe 6 or 7 years ago, and only in the US. But that's not the case in 2021.
The speeding up of modern payments is a great success story. Let me tell you a bit about it.
To begin with, central banks and other public clearinghouses have spent the last 15-or-so years blanketing the globe with real-time retail payments systems. Europe has TIPS, UK has Faster Payments, India has IMPS, Sweden has BiR, Singapore FAST. There must be at least thirty or forty of these real-time retail payments system by now.
The speed of these new platforms get passed on to the public by banks and fintechs, which are themselves connected to these core systems. In the UK's case, for example, consumers can bypass the slower ACH system, BACS, which takes three days to settle, by choosing to make their bank payment proceed via the Faster Payments system.
The U.S. is lagging. The Federal Reserve's FedNow retail payment system, which will facilitate real-time retail payments, won't be in place till 2024, more than 15 years after UK's Faster Payments was introduced. So Marcus's tweet could just be a function of having a U.S.-centric viewpoint.
However, the Fed's private competitor, The Clearing House, has had a real-time settlement system in place since 2017, the Real-Time Payments (RTP) network. Roll-out has been slow, but as of July 2021 The Clearing House claims that RTP reaches 56% of U.S. checking accounts.
RTP illustrates that it's not just central banks that are facilitating real-time payments. Private players are too. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, built their own proprietary real-time person-to-person payments platforms, Visa Direct and MasterCard Send, on the back of their debit card networks.The US is inching towards ubiquitous instant P2P payments. Here is the coverage map for the US's only real-time retail payments settlement system, The Clearing House's RTP network, introduced in 2017.
— John Paul Koning (@jp_koning) July 9, 2021
RTP now reaches ~56% of US demand deposit accounts. https://t.co/xvAKknwaE2 pic.twitter.com/GojH6oR885
As Arturo Portilla points out, Visa Direct and MasterCard Send don't actually settle payments in real-time. They only clear them. From the perspective of the consumer, however, it makes little difference. Ned can send Jenny $100 using a Visa Direct enabled account, and Jenny can then spend that $100 within moments of receiving it. (Ned and Jenny's banks settle up the next day.)
In 2017 U.S. banks debuted Zelle, a now ubiquitous instant person-to-person bank payments option. Zelle was built using the Visa Direct and MasterCard Send networks. And now Zelle is being connected to The Clearing House's RTP network, too. Which means that settlement can be done in real-time.
Perhaps Marcus's ACH critique is limited to non-domestic transactions. But even cross-border payments are also going quicker.
Remittance companies like Western Union and MoneyGram are leveraging Visa Direct and MasterCard Send to do instant cross-border transfers. As of late 2020, Western Union was facilitating real-time payouts to 80 countries. MoneyGram recently announced that 575 corridors from 25 countries in Europe would go instant thanks to an integration with Visa Direct, complementing its existing instant payments options from the US.
Remember when everyone was poking fun at Western Union for its slow remittances? It now does real-time payouts in 80 countries, up from 50 earlier this spring, and is targeting 100 countries by the end of 2020: https://t.co/oSiihGCwvs pic.twitter.com/ovRKZMMH8y
— John Paul Koning (@jp_koning) October 28, 2020
Transferwise, another global remittance company, is dispatching up to 38% of its remittances instantly. Whereas Western Union and MoneyGram are building on top of Visa Direct and MasterCard Send, my understanding is that most of Transferwise's success in speeding up remittances comes from integrating with the new retail real-time payments systems I listed above, like Singapore's FAST and UK's Faster Payments.
Let's not forget SWIFT gpi, which is bringing a new speed standard to corporate cross-border payments.
Even the ACH network that Marcus criticizes is upping its game. ACH payments have typically not settled till a day or two after origination, which meant consumers have had to wait for salaries and bill payments to settle. But in 2017, same-day ACH was introduced. It's taken some time for this option to gain adoption. As of the first quarter of 2021, only 2% of all ACH transactions are done on a same-day basis.
But same-day ACH is getting better. In 2020, the limit for same-day
payments was raised from $25,000 to $100,000. Just this year a third window
for clearing and settling same-day ACH payments was introduced, 6:30 PM
EST, making same-day ACH even more convenient for Californians and
others in later time zones. Next year, limits will be raised from $100,000 to $1 million.
Lastly, Marcus maligns slow in his tweet. But remember, slow can be a good thing, too. Slowing down transactions allows us to batch them together and cancel out reciprocating payments, thus reducing the amount of work our payments systems must do. And this makes our payments systems cheaper. (I've written two articles on this topic, here and here.)
The ideal payments ecosystem isn't slow or fast. It provides a combination of slow, medium, and fast options. The Libra/Diem/Novi project project that David Marcus is working on will fit in somewhere on this spectrum. The more options, the better off are consumers. But 70s ACH is no longer a very realistic way to describe modern money.
This was a very, very interesting and helpful read on a topic I had always wondered about - thanks!
ReplyDeleteOne thing from my experience that may not be fully captured is that many of the improvements that you mention seem to primarily focus on smaller to medium dollar amounts. For example, paying a $3000 rent payment (from a tenant), it's easier for them to mail a check than remember to break the payment out into $2000 + $1000 since Chase has a $2000 per day limit for transfers.
Some of this may be for reporting/fraud reasons, to make sure that $10,000 payments get a bit more scrutiny, but having to pay something via wire because it's a few thousand dollars over an arbitrary maximum makes it feel like the payment system is twenty years old.
Maybe a better way to say it that the backend systems seem to be moving forward quickly, but since most consumers interact with them through corporate banks, which may impose their own limits, the benefits do not always get out to consumers.
Hi Sam,
Delete"Some of this may be for reporting/fraud reasons, to make sure that $10,000 payments get a bit more scrutiny..."
Yes, these ceilings are for fraud reasons, as you point out.
But as system operators gain experience and acquire more data, they have generally increased the maximum instant payment size. The US is behind on this, so payment sizes remain small. But if you look at the UK, Faster Payments now allows a maximum of £250,000, but at the outset I believe the limit was £10,000, before rising to £100,000.
Likewise, my second last paragraph in my article shows how the limits for same-day ACH have already gone from $25,000 to $100,000 to $1 million next year.
But as you point out, banks may choose not to pass the ability to send maximum-sized payments on to their customers. Only a few UK banks, for instance, let customers send the maximum 250,000 via FPS:
https://www.fasterpayments.org.uk/about-us/personal-transaction